The designation of a well on a site plan and on topographic maps is of great importance, especially in desert and semi-desert areas. Like other hydrographic objects, they are indicated in blue in the form of circles with a nearby letter K or the signature “art.k.” (artesian well). All designations on maps and plans are called conventional cartographic signs. To make them convenient to read and easy to remember, many signs have a visual similarity (side or top view) with the designated object.
Classification of conventional signs
On maps and plans, all terrain elements are indicated by symbols. They are usually divided into 3 independent groups:
- scale or outline;
- off-scale;
- explanatory.
In order to make the depicted signs more visual, all elements of the same type are painted with the same paint, i.e., any hydrographic element is indicated in blue.
Objects of the same type on maps with different scales are indicated the same way and differ only in size. The larger the scale of the map, the more objects can be plotted and information indicated on it. Small structures of secondary importance, as a rule, are not depicted on them, thereby increasing the clarity of the image.
This technique is called cartographic generalization. Filling a map or plan with terrain elements depends on the characteristics of the territory. The more complex it is and the more saturated with objects, the more elements will be applied to the plan and the more difficult it will become to read. An area that is replete with lakes, rivers and other bodies of water is topographed without small features unless they are major landmarks. For example, in such terrain, wells are not of significant importance, but in steppe areas they must be marked on the plan.
Along with elevation marks, they are good reference points. In desert areas, the main source is indicated by a larger icon, and explanatory inscriptions are placed next to it. To the left of the symbol, the ground level is indicated in black font, and to the right is the depth of the source in meters and the filling capacity in l/hour.
When taking a map of the area in populated areas, water supply, sewer and gas systems must be identified. At the locations of water supply and sewer wells, the diameters of the pipes, the direction of movement of the medium and the type of structure are indicated. In gas wells, in addition, the pressure in the pipelines is relieved. In addition to these structures, gas distribution points must be designated with appropriate explanations.
In addition, on the ground, the distance of the underground pipeline from buildings and other objects is marked on special signs. This sign is applied to electrical poles, fence posts, etc., indicating the direction and distance of the pipe from a specific landmark.
Purpose of plans and symbols
To create a site plan, the same icons are used as for topographic maps. Plans are prepared for a small area of territory on a large scale. They are used by utility and emergency services, tourist groups, and agricultural workers. The purpose of the plans is to enable orientation and study of areas for work. They are a tool for teaching children how to move in azimuth and the basics of topographic survey.
To develop skills in terrain orientation and surveying, all objects must be marked with generally accepted signs. This will help avoid misreading of maps and confusion during hiking trips. The point of teaching azimuth movement is to instill in a child the ability to independently walk along a route in an unfamiliar area and determine his location using available landmarks.
The towering well crane will be a good point against which to determine your position. There are other high landmarks, for example, factory chimneys, a free-standing tree, geodetic signs, etc. Having acquired the skills of reading a map or plan and comparing the designations of landmarks with objects on the ground, a child will be able to read topographic maps and plans of an unfamiliar area without much difficulty.
The lexical meaning of a word is its content. It can be single-valued or multi-valued. In this case, the word well is ambiguous and can be used both literally and figuratively. Wells can be sources of drinking water and at the same time designate construction structures intended for inspection and control of actuators of underground communications (electrical, water supply, sewer, etc.). In a figurative sense, it is a courtyard formed by closely spaced walls of multi-story buildings. They are entered from the street through gateways.
A topographic map on which the tactical or special situation with all its changes during combat operations is graphically displayed using conventional tactical signs with the necessary explanatory inscriptions is called the commander’s working map.
The process of displaying a tactical or special situation on a map or other graphic document is called “drawing the situation.” The set of conventional tactical signs is called “tactical situation” or “situation” for short.
Completeness of application of the situation:
1. About the enemy:
- location of weapons of mass destruction with detail down to an individual weapon or missile launcher;
- infantry, motorized infantry, tank, artillery units with details down to platoon, gun;
- radiation situation to the extent necessary for work.
2.About your troops:
- the position of units with detail two levels below their level (for example, the regiment commander applies the signs of battalions and companies).
- tasks assigned by the senior manager.
Applicable topographic maps:
- 1:25000 - commanders of units and companies;
- 1:50000 - battalion commanders;
- 1:100000 - commanders of regiments, divisions, corps;
- 1:200000 - commanders of armies, fronts;
- 1:500000 - overview maps of the fronts, the main command.
The following colors are used to apply the furnishings:
- Basic - red, blue, black;
- Auxiliary - brown, green, yellow.
The use of other colors, as well as shades of primary or secondary colors, is not permitted.
- RED used to designate for our troops the position, tasks, actions, weapons and equipment of motorized rifle, airborne, tank, aviation, and naval units. The same color indicates fire zones, regardless of who created these zones.
- BLUE used to designate for enemy troops the position, tasks, actions, weapons and equipment of all types of troops. Also, all inscriptions related to the enemy are written in this color. The same color indicates flood zones, regardless of who created these zones.
- BLACK used in designation for our troops positions, tasks, actions, weapons and equipment of the missile forces, artillery, anti-aircraft troops, engineering troops, chemical troops, radio engineering troops, communications troops, railway and other special troops. Also, all inscriptions relating to all branches of our troops are made in this color.
- BROWN used for drawing roads, routes, column tracks of our troops, filling zones of use of bacteriological (biological) weapons, marking the outer border of the radioactive contamination zone V.
- GREEN used to mark the outer boundary of the radioactive contamination zone B.
- YELLOW used to fill the zone of chemical contamination.
All inscriptions are made in straight or oblique standard drawing font. Straight font is used for the map title and official signatures. In other cases, italic font is used (inclination angle 75 degrees). Italic capital letters are used for official headings and signatures, as well as at the beginning of sentences and for abbreviations. Lowercase letters are used to write legends, explanatory notes and a large number of abbreviations. All inscriptions are made only horizontally. Vertical or slanted lettering is not permitted.
The size of the inscriptions should be proportional to the scale of the map and commensurate with the importance of the unit. The table shows the sizes of the inscriptions depending on the scale of the map and the unit (life-size shoif size). The font size for designating smaller units, individual objects, and explanatory inscriptions cannot be larger than the font size for the platoon.
Drawings of tactical signs of our troops are always directed towards the enemy and vice versa. The exception is anti-aircraft weapons, which are always directed towards the top edge of the map.
If the tactical sign is clearly larger in size than the true size of the object on the map scale, then the location of the object on the ground is considered to be the center of the tactical sign (for flags, the lower part of the flag stem, for arrows, the front end of the arrow).
Control rooms and communications
The regiment control center is in place. The inscription KP means command post, TPU means rear control post. The inscription inside the flag is the regiment number.
Battalion control center. The inscription 1/10 MSP means 1 battalion of the 10th motorized rifle regiment.
The same is true in motion.
1- The company commander’s command and observation post is in place. 2- BMP of the company commander (accordingly designated as an armored personnel carrier, the tank of the company commander. The tactical sign of this type of equipment and two dashes are placed. The platoon commander has one dash.
Observation point of the 10th motorized rifle regiment. If there is a letter inside the sign, this means that the NP is specialized (A-artillery, I-engineering, X-chemical, B-air surveillance, T-technical). In artillery and special forces the badge is black.
Traffic control post (R-regulator, checkpoint-checkpoint, KTP-control-technical point.
Communication center. 1- field mobile. 2- stationary
Radio. 305 - brand of receiver.
Radio station. 1-movable, 2-wearable. 3-tank
Mobile radio relay station
Radar reconnaissance station. 1- air targets. 2 ground targets.
Radio network of portable stations.
Radio direction of mobile stations.
March, reconnaissance and security
1-Pedestrian column of troops. A regiment with a number designation, a battalion with three lines, a company with two lines, a platoon with one line, a squad without lines.
2. Column of troops on equipment. There are 2 MSRs on BMPs here. if there is a tank column, then the tank icon, if there is an armored personnel carrier column, then the armored personnel carrier icon, etc.
1- Column of special troops. Here is the fifth engineer battalion.
2-Column of an artillery battalion (battery - two dashes, platoon - one dash, separate gun on the march - the arrow is shorter and without dashes
The head marching outpost consisting of the first motorized rifle company on an infantry fighting vehicle, reinforced by the first platoon of the second tank company (BPZ - side marching outpost, TPZ - rear.
Mobile obstacle detachment of the tenth motorized rifle regiment.
Column of a logistics support platoon (vob), if the company is mated. support then the inscription - rmob, battalion mob
Column of the technical closure of the battalion (P-regiment).
Reconnaissance squad.
Patrol squad on an infantry fighting vehicle
Combat reconnaissance patrol of the 2nd tank battalion by 9.00 on November 15. (ORD-separate reconnaissance patrol, RD - reconnaissance patrol, OFRD - officer reconnaissance patrol, IRD-engineer reconnaissance patrol, KRD - chemical reconnaissance patrol), Color of the badge by branch of the military.
Foot patrol.
Foot patrol of the 7th tank company and its patrol route
1 platoon of reconnaissance company of the 10th motorized rifle regiment in search (raid)
1st platoon of the 9th tank company in an ambush.
Location and actions of units
The area (section of terrain) occupied by the unit. There are 3 motorized rifle battalions here. The inscription indicating the unit is required, the tactical sign of the unit's equipment is optional. The sign is large-scale; on the map it covers the entire area occupied by the unit. A broken line indicates that the area is targeted for occupation by the unit. The letter "L" indicates that this is a false area.
An area occupied by a unit whose tactical color is black. This is the area of the 5th engineer battalion.
The direction of the unit's advance.
The unit's immediate task. Here 1 is the general sign of a battalion (as indicated by three dashes on the arrow), 2 is a battalion on an infantry fighting vehicle. If the battalion or company, or platoon is tank, then tank badges, if on an armored personnel carrier, then armored personnel carrier badges, if the battalion is on foot, then sign No. 1 is used. The sign is large-scale!
Follow up task. Here 1 is the general badge of the battalion, 2 is the badge of the tank battalion. The sign is large!
The position (milestone) reached by a unit by a certain time. The sign is large.
A machine gun platoon in battle formation. Below is the general sign of the battalion and company on an infantry fighting vehicle. The sign is large.
The line of probable meeting with the enemy.
Initial line (regulatory line, line of entry into battle of the second echelon, etc. lines
Front (line) occupied by units. Line of contact with the enemy
Deployment line in battalion columns (company - two lines, platoon - one line)
Line of transition to attack. 1 general sign, 2 motorized rifle units.
Dismounting line for motorized rifle units
Firing line of a tank unit. Here is the third firing line of the third tank battalion.
Anti-tank unit deployment line
Mining frontier.
Tactical airborne landing area. Here is the second battalion of the third motorized rifle regiment. disembarkation is expected at 9.00 on July 10. If the landing has taken place, then the line is solid.
Helicopter landing area.
Naval landing site and points.
The unit was stopped at this point.
The unit's withdrawal from the occupied line.
Demarcation line between shelves
dividing line between battalions.
A line (position) not occupied by units.
The location of the unit in defense.
1 - general badge, 2 - motorized rifle unit.
The place where the prisoner was captured. Here a soldier of the second battalion of the 26th infantry regiment of the 19th mechanized division was captured at 5.00 on August 12.
The place where the documents of the murdered person were seized.
Weapons of mass destruction and protection against them
Our planned nuclear strike. 015 - target number, 1/5 order - first battery of the fifth cancer division. -40 - ammunition power 40 kilotons, B - air explosion. "H+1.10 - explosion time.
Safe removal line (protrusions towards the explosion).
An area of destruction from an enemy explosion. The inner ring is a zone of complete destruction, then a zone of continuous rubble and weak destruction; the outer ring is a zone of neutron influence on openly located personnel.
Fire area and direction of fire spread.
The location of a nuclear explosion carried out by the enemy, indicating the type of explosion, power and time, and the zone of radioactive contamination. The direction and sizes of the zones are large-scale
Radiation level measuring point with level indication. time and date of infection.
Enemy nuclear mine with indication of charge power, laying depth and detection time.
Field of chemical landmines.
The area contaminated with toxic substances and the direction of displacement of the agent cloud.
Biological weapons contamination site.
Small arms and artillery
Light machine gun
Heavy machine gun
Anti-tank hand grenade launcher
Automatic grenade launcher
Anti-aircraft missile system.
Anti-aircraft machine gun installation
Easel anti-tank grenade launcher
Man-portable anti-tank missile systems (ATGM). Here is 1 - ATGM of an anti-tank machine gun platoon, 2 - ATGM of an anti-tank platoon.
Flamethrowers. Here 1-reactive light, 2-reactive heavy.
Anti-tank gun. 1 - general designation, 2 - up to 85 mm, 3 - up to 100 mm, 4 - more than 100 mm.
A gun. 1 - general designation, 2 - up to 100 mm, 3 - up to 152 mm, 4 - more than 152 mm.
Howitzer. 1 - general designation, 2 - up to 122 mm, 3 - up to 155 mm, 4 - more than 155 mm.
Howitzer with a caliber of over 155mm, firing nuclear ammunition.
Self-propelled howitzer. Here the caliber is up to 122 mm.
Rocket artillery combat vehicle. 1-general designation. 2 - medium caliber.
Mortar. 1 - general designation, 2 - small caliber, 3 - medium caliber, 4 - large caliber.
Anti-aircraft gun. 1-general designation. 2-small caliber, 3-medium caliber.
Anti-aircraft self-propelled gun. 1 - without radar, 2 - with radar.
Anti-aircraft missile system combat vehicle. The style of the sign depends on the type of base vehicle, the icon inside depends on the type of rocket.
Anti-aircraft missile launcher. 1-short range. 2-short range, 3-medium range. The sign in the circle is the Zen.PU battery.
Area of artillery division firing positions. Here is the first division of the 12th artillery regiment. Battery signs are out-of-scale, area-scale.
Battery firing position 100mm. guns.
Mortar battery firing position
A separate goal. 28 is the target number. The blue sign inside the circle is the location of the enemy fire weapon.
Fire concentration areas. Numbers are CO numbers. The signs are large.
A single stationary barrage light indicating its code name.
Deep stationary barrage fire on three lines indicating the code name Co and line numbers.
Single moving barrage light indicating its conventional name and line numbers.
Double moving barrage fire
Sequential concentration of fire indicating the conventional names of the lines and target numbers (solid lines indicate the lines at which it is planned to fire simultaneously; with double PSO, solid lines connect targets at two lines, with triple ones at three. Lines and areas of targets are large-scale.
Massive fire indicating its conventional name and section numbers.
Fire shaft indicating the conventional names of lines, sections for divisions and their numbers, and numbers of intermediate lines.
Boundary line of the firing sector
Boundary line of the additional firing sector.
Concentrated fire from a motorized rifle company (SO-1 - section number, 1,2,3 - platoon section numbers.
The barrage line of a grenade launcher platoon with its number and sections of squad fires indicated.
Armored vehicles, cars and helicopters
Tank. 1 - general designation, 2 - battalion commander's tank, 3 - amphibious tank, 4 - flamethrower tank
A tank with a complex of anti-tank weapons.
Tank and infantry fighting vehicle with mine trawl
Tank with BTU
Tank with STU
Combat reconnaissance vehicle and combat reconnaissance patrol vehicle (BRDM)
Car and car with trailer
1-tank tractor, 2-track tractor, 3-car tractor
Motorbike
Sanitary vehicle
Helicopter. 1 - general designation, 2 - combat, 3 - transport.
Engineering equipment and structures
Tank bridge layer
Crawler floating conveyor
Crawler self-propelled ferry (ferry-bridge vehicle).
Engineering equipment on a wheel base (Here is a heavy mechanized bridge TMM)
Engineering equipment on a tracked base (here BAT).
Pontoon-bridge park with an indication of its type.
Trench of a motorized rifle unit with a closed gap
Trench with communication progress.
A gun in a trench. The color of the trench sign according to the type of troops. (same sign for all mobile fire weapons)
An open type observation structure (closed type with a black filled triangle.
Shelter for vehicles (vehicle icon by type)
Shelter indicating the degree of protection and capacity
Open gap
Covered gap
Scarp (counter-scarp) indicating the length.
Inconspicuous wire fence (spiral, net on low posts.
Anti-tank ditch indicating its length.
Notches indicating the type, number of rows and length.
Mined obstruction indicating its extent.
Wire fence (number of lines - number of rows).
section of hedgehog fences indicating the number of rows and length
Anti-tank minefield
Anti-personnel minefield (a mixed minefield is indicated by alternating filled and open circles)
Minefields installed by means of remote mining.
1-uncontrolled land mine, 2-radio-controlled land mine, 3-wire-controlled land mine.
Passage in barriers indicating the number and width.
Bridge destroyed by the enemy
A section of road destroyed by the enemy, indicating the extent of the destruction.
Landing crossing indicating the number and type of landing craft.
Crossing tanks under water indicating 3-depth, 180-width of the river, 40-width of the route, P-character of the bottom, 0.8-current speed.
Ferry crossing indicating the number of ferries, their capacity and type of fleet
Ferry crossing consisting of three GSP ferries and 3 ferries of 40 tons each and from PMM vehicles.
Bridge on rigid supports. H-low-water 120m long, 4m wide. and a lifting capacity of 60 tons.
Pontoon bridge 120m long, with a load capacity of 60 tons from the PMP park
The ford is 0.8 m deep, the river width is 120 m, the bottom is solid, the flow speed is 0.5 m per second.
Ice crossing number five for loads of 60 tons.
Technical support and logistics units and their facilities
Collection point for damaged vehicles. P-regimental, 1 - its number, bt - for armored vehicles
Repair and evacuation group on an armored personnel carrier. P-regimental, BT - for armored vehicles.
Regimental warehouse. G - fuel, 10tp - tenth tank regiment.
Regimental medical station.
Battalion medical center.
Company medical post
Shooter-medic.
Ambulance transport post
Battalion fuel and lubricant refueling point
Battalion supply point
Company ammunition supply point
Service point along the route. G-GSM.
Combined arms units and subdivisions
- Motorized rifle. regiment, battalion, company, platoon, squad - smp, sb, msr, msv, mso
- Tank regiment, battalion, company, platoon tp, tb, tr, tv
- Machine gun artillery battalion, company pullab, pular
- Parachute battalion, company, platoon pdb, pdr, pdv
- Airborne assault battalion, company, platoon dshb, dshr, dshv
- Reconnaissance company, platoon, section rr, rv, ro
- Machine gun company, platoon, squad - pull, pull, pullo
- Anti-tank platoon- PTV
- Grenade launcher platoon, squad- guards, th
- Anti-tank machine gun platoon ptpulv
Artillery units and units
- Artillery regiment, division, battery - ap, adn, batr
- Self-propelled artillery division, battery sadn, sabatr
- Battery of anti-tank guided missiles - batr ATGM
- Mortar battery, platoon- minbatr, minv
- Control platoon- woo
Air defense units and units
- Anti-aircraft missile battery, platoon, squad - zrbatr, zrv, zro
- Anti-aircraft artillery battery, platoon, squad - zabatr, manager, zo
- Anti-aircraft missile and artillery battery - earner
- Battery, platoon of anti-aircraft self-propelled guns - battalion ZSU, airborne ZSU
Special Forces Units
- Engineer-sapper company, platoon, squad- isr, isv, iso
- Engineer assault company, platoon, squad - ishr, ishv, isho
- Airborne transfer company- pdesr
- Pontoon company, platoon- Mon, Mon
- Platoon, squad of tracked amphibious transporters - up GPT, dept. GPT
- Platoon, squad of tracked self-propelled ferries - up GSP, dept. SHG
- Bridge laying department - dept. MTU
- Company, chemical defense platoon - rkhz, vkhz
- Platoon, radiation and chemical reconnaissance department - vrhr, orhr
- Platoon, special processing department - soo, oso
- Flamethrower platoon, squad- ov, oh
- Company, platoon, communications department - rs, sun, os
- Commandant's company, platoon- kr, kv
Technical support and logistics units
- Separate battalion, logistics company - omo, omo
- Automobile company, platoon, squad - avtr, avtv, auto
- Repair company- remr
- Economic platoon, department- household, household
- Supply platoon, supply platoon- vob, vsn
- Maintenance department- oto
Control points
- Command post- KP
- Rear control center - TPU
- Command observation post- KNP
- Reserve command post - ZKP
- Observation post- NP
- Air surveillance post- PVN
- Artillery observation post- ANP
- Technical supervision point - PTN
- Engineering observation post INP
General terminology
- Vanguard (rearguard) - Av (Ar)
- Bacteriological (biological) weapons - BO
- Bacteriological (biological) infection - BZ
- Battalion refueling point - BZP
- Fighting machine- BM
- Infantry fighting vehicle- BMP
- Combat reconnaissance vehicle- BRM
- Combat reconnaissance patrol vehicle- BRDM
- Side marching outpost- BPZ
- Armored personnel carrier- armored personnel carrier
- Combat kit- bk.
- Explosives- BB
- Height- high
- Head marching outpost- GPZ
- Head watch- GD
- Diesel fuel- DT
- Long-term fire structure (long-term fortification structure) - DOS (DFS)
- Incendiary weapons (incendiary weapons) - ZZhO (ZZhS)
- Refueling- lock
- Protection against weapons of mass destruction - ZOMP
- Zone of radioactive, chemical, bacteriological (biological) contamination - ZRZ, 3X3, ZBZ
- Anti-aircraft self-propelled gun - ZSU
- Starting line (starting point) - ref. r-zh, (ref.p.)
- Kiloton- CT
- Command and staff vehicle - KShM
- Set- set
- Commander of the 1st motorized rifle, 2nd tank battalion - KMSB-1, KTB-2
- Commander of the 1st motorized rifle, 2nd tank company - kmsr-1, ktr-2
- Commander of the 1st motorized rifle, 2nd tank platoon - kmsv-1, ktv-2
- Mine-explosive barrier- Cost center
- Regimental medical station MPP
- Battalion medical center MPB
- Company medical post MPR
- Emergency ration- NZ
- Irreducible stock - NHS
- Firing position- OP
- Outskirts- env.
- Toxic substances (persistent toxic substances, unstable toxic substances) - 0V (COV, NOW)
- Mark- Elevation
- Separate- dept.
- Advance detachment- BY
- Mobile barrage detachment - POS
- Field refueling point - PZP
- Consecutive concentration of fire - PSO
- Enemy- pr-k
- Air defense (anti-tank defense) - Air defense (PTO)
- Anti-personnel minefield PPMP
- Anti-tank minefield PTMP
- Anti-tank reserve- PTRez.
- Radioactive contamination- RZ
- Radioactive substances- RV
- Radiation and chemical reconnaissance - RHR
- Reconnaissance squad- RO
- Dividing line- boundary line
- Radio network (radio direction) - r/s (r/n)
- Area- district
- Repair and evacuation group (repair group) - REG (Rem. G)
- Regulation boundary (regulation point) - r-j per. (p. per.)
- Collection point for damaged vehicles - SPPM
- Sentry detachment (outpost, outpost) - Art.O (Art.Z, Art.P)
- North, south, east, west - north, south, east, west
- North-west, north-east, west, south-east south-west- north-west, north-east, south-east, south-west
- Focused Fire - CO
- Daily dacha- s/d
- Tactical airborne assault Tact. VD
- Tank bridge layer - MTU
- Rear marching outpost - TPZ
- Communication center- mustache
- Fortified area- UR
- Chemical observation post HNP
- Chemical contamination- HZ
- Chemical weapon- XO
- Chemical land mine HF
- Nuclear weapon- nuclear weapons
- Nuclear mine-
- YAM Nuclear minefield- YaMZ
Selected local items
Plants, factories and mills with pipes, expressed (1) or not expressed (2) on the map scale |
||
Capital structures of tower type |
Light towers |
Power plants |
Transformer booths |
Points of the state geodetic network |
Aerodromes and hydroaerodromes |
Watermills and sawmills |
Windmills |
Wind turbines |
 Plants, factories and mills without pipes: 1) expressed on a map scale; 2) not expressed in map scale. |
Radio stations and television centers |
Radio and television masts |
Fuel warehouses and gas tanks |
Separate trees that have landmark value: 1) conifers; 2) deciduous |
 Individual groves with significant landmarks |
Narrow forest strips and protective forest stands |
 Narrow strips of bushes and hedges |
Individual bushes |
 Communication lines |
 Mounds, height in meters |
Outlier rocks |
 Power lines on metal or reinforced concrete supports |
 Pits, depth in meters |
Clusters of stones |
 Power lines on wooden poles |
Meteorological stations |
Separately lying stones, height in meters |
 Onshore oil pipelines and pumping stations |
 Open pit mining sites |
peat mining |
 Underground oil pipelines |
Churches |
Monuments, monuments, mass graves |
 Stone, brick walls |
 Dams and artificial embankments |
Foresters' houses |
Roads
 Three-track railways, semaphores and traffic lights, turntables |
 Highway: 5 is the width of the covered part, 8 is the width of the entire road from ditch to ditch in meters, B is the coating material |
 Double track railways and stations |
 Improved dirt roads (8 is the width of the roadway in meters) |
 Single-track railways, sidings, platforms and stopping points |
 Dirt roads |
 Electrified railways: 1) three-track; 2) double-track; 3) single track |
 Field and forest roads |
 Narrow gauge railways and stations on them |
 Hiking trails |
 Highways, embankments |
 Fascine sections of roads, roads and rowing |
 Improved highways, cuts |
 Transfers: 1) under the railway; 2) over the railway; 3) on the same level |
Hydrography
 Small rivers and streams |
 The banks are steep: 1) without a beach; 2) with a beach that does not end on the map scale |
 Channels and ditches |
 Lakes: 1) fresh; 2) salty; 3) bitter-salty |
 Wooden bridges Metal bridges Stone and reinforced concrete bridges |
 Characteristics of bridges: K-material of construction (K-stone, M-metal, reinforced concrete-reinforced concrete, D-wooden); 8-height above water level (on navigable rivers); 370-bridge length, 10 is the width of the roadway in meters; 60-ton capacity |
 Water edge marks Arrows showing the direction of river flow (0.2 - flow speed in m/sec.) |
 Characteristics of rivers and canals: 170-width, 1.7-depth in meters, P-character of the bottom soil Marinas Fords: 1.2-depth, 180-length in meters, T-character of the soil, 0.5-current speed in m/sec. |
 Dams: K-material of the structure, 250-length, 8-width of the dam at the top in meters; in the numerator - the mark of the upper water level, in the denominator - the lower |
 Gateways Ferries: 195-river width, 4x3-ferry dimensions in meters, 8-carrying capacity in meters |
 Ground water pipelines |
Wells |
 Underground water pipelines |
Sources (keys, springs) |
System of basic symbols used in graphic documents of peacetime and wartime at the tactical level Part 4 “Motorized Rifle Battalion” -
The procedure for creating a combat graphic document. Fire card of a motorized rifle squad when planning offensive actions. Situation conditions: COMBAT ACTIVITY. Type of combat operations - OFFENSIVE -
CONVENTIONAL SIGNS FOR TOPOGRAPHIC PLANS -
In general, when hunting, you also need certain tactics similar to those that will be described in this article. And for hunting you don’t need to buy a firearm, you just need to take A pistol-type ballets and start hunting. Overall it is more convenient and enjoyable. Also, this kind of crossbow can be used for ordinary sporting purposes - target shooting.
Declassified topographic maps of the General Staff of the USSR are freely circulating on the Internet. We all love to download them, look at them, and often print them on sheets of paper for further use for their intended purpose - i.e. go hiking with them.
Topographic maps of the General Staff are the most accurate and best. Any other purchased maps printed in modern times will not carry as much accuracy and specificity. The symbols and symbols on the topographic maps of the General Staff are much more complex than any other symbols on maps purchased in the store. We all remember them from geography lessons at school.
As an experienced user of such maps, I would like to describe at the beginning of this article the most important, in my opinion, designations. If the rest are more or less understandable, since they are almost all identical to other types of cards (not the General Staff), then these are something new and still incomprehensible. Actually, I will start with the symbols of rivers, fords, forests and roads.
Rivers and water resources
| Speed and direction of river flow (0.6 m/s) | |
|
Characteristics of rivers and canals: 30 - Width (m), 0,8 - Depth (m), TO- Soil type ( TO - rocky, P - sand, T - solid, IN - viscous) |
 |
| Water line mark, shore height above sea level (393m) |  |
| Brody: 0,3 - depth, 10 - length, TO- rocky soil, 1,0 - speed (m/sec) |  |
| The swamp is passable |  |
| The swamp is impassable |  |
| Characteristics of bridges: D- construction material ( D - wood, TO - stone, reinforced concrete - reinforced concrete), 43 - length of the bridge, 4 - width of the roadway (m), 10 - load capacity in tons |  |
| Forest clearing and width in meters (2m) |  |
| Field and forest roads |  |
| Winter road, a functioning road only in the winter season, during the cold period. Can go through swamps. |  |
| Dirt road, 6 - width of the roadway in meters |  |
| Gat - a road with a wooden surface, a flooring made of logs, 3 - width of the roadway |  |
| Go away |  |
| Railway track |  |
| Gas pipeline |  |
| Power lines (PTL) |  |
| Dismantled railway |  |
| Single track railway, narrow gauge. Also railway bridge |  |
| Highway: 6 —width of the covered part, 8 — the width of the entire road from ditch to ditch in meters; SCH- coating material ( B - cobblestone, G - gravel, TO - crushed stone, Shl - slag, SCH - crushed stone) |  |
Relief
| Steep river banks, rocky outcrops, Parma |  |
| Relief contours with relative height designation (260 m) |  |
| Mountainous area without vegetation cover, covered with kurum stones and rock outcrops |  |
| Mountainous area with vegetation cover and sparse trees, the forest border is visible |  |
| Outlier rocks with a height in meters |  |
| Glaciers |  |
| Rocks and rocky cliffs |  |
| Elevation mark (479.2 m) |  |
| Steppe region. Near the edge of the forest |  |
| Sands, deserts |  |
Photos of some geographical objects
The main winter road laid through the taiga forest. In summer there are thickets here (Yakutia)
Forest dirt road (Ivdel district, Northern Urals)
Gat - road with wooden covering (Lobnensky forest park, Moscow region)
Rock outcrop, Parma (Stone "Giant", Middle Urals)
Remnant rocks (Old Stone rock, Middle Urals)
It should be understood that all available topographic maps of the USSR General Staff have long been outdated. The information contained on them can date back to the 70-80s of the last century. If you are interested in the details of walking along certain trails, roads, the presence of settlements and geographical objects, then you should check in advance the reliability of the information from other sources. There may no longer be any paths or roads at all. Small settlements can be abandoned and look like wastelands, often already overgrown with young growth.
But, in any case, the maps of the General Staff still provide more accurate information, and using them you can more productively calculate your route and distance. In this article, I did not bother your heads with unnecessary symbols and symbols of topographic maps. I have posted only the most important and significant for the mountain-taiga and steppe region. Those interested in details can take a look.
Maps of the USSR General Staff were made using the Soviet system of layout and nomenclature of topographic maps. This system is still used in the Russian Federation and some former Soviet republics. There are newer maps, the state of the terrain on which is approximately 60-80s of the last century, and older maps, the so-called General Staff of the Red Army, made by geodetic reconnaissance of the pre-war period. “The maps are compiled in a conformal transverse cylindrical Gauss-Kruger projection, calculated using the parameters of the Krasovsky ellipsoid for a six-degree zone,” - and if you don’t understand, it doesn’t matter! The main thing is to remember (or write down, save this article) the points that I cited above. Knowing them, you can skillfully use maps and plan your route without using GPS.
"Mysterious" signs and symbols on ancient maps. How roads, houses, churches, ravines, cemeteries, etc. were designated.
Explanation of some abbreviations and words on the MENDE map:
Buyan-field - Flat, elevated place, open on all sides
Vzlobok - A small steep hill.
Veres - Juniper.
Volok (Volok) - Forest or forest clearing
Vspolye - The edge of the field, pasture.
Vyselok (Vyselok) - A small village, predominantly owned, located near single-patrimonial villages.
Greatest - Greatest, highest, highest.
City (G.) - A fortified or walled village. Management status assigned to a volost, district or provincial in relation to other settlements.
Griva - An oblong hill covered with forest.
Village - A village without a church, whose inhabitants are mainly peasants from various departments and live without a landowner.
Right hand - Right hand.
Dresva - Coarse sand.
Zapan - Backwater or river bay.
Zaseka (Zas.) - Defensive structure. It was a combination of dead wood apices, an earthen rampart and a ditch with forts and separate fortresses. The fortifications served as defensive lines that protected against raids by the Golden Horde, who systematically plundered and destroyed Russian cities and villages and took the population into captivity, as well as to protect roads.
Zybun (Zyb.) - A quagmire, an impassable (disastrous) place.
Koshevnik - Wood timber floated down the river.
Cumulus sands (Cumulus) - Accumulations of loose sand around bushes and shrubs... Height 30-50 cm, less often up to 1-2 m. In places they consist of gravel. They usually form in areas with close groundwater - on salt marshes, the coasts of lakes, seas and rivers.
Lying meadow - Worthless, bad meadow.
Monastery, monastery (Mon.) - These consist of various types of monastic hostels, the latter of which sometimes coincide in their meaning with graveyards or estates of the spiritual department.
Grange (m. or Grange) - If it is owned, then most of it is near single-patrimonial villages, or it has the meaning of an estate at a plant and factory, if it belongs to persons of the tax-paying classes.
Myanda - Pine.
Novina - Cleared but not plowed land in the forest.
Dump (Opt.) - A mound of waste rock, slag, formed during the development of mineral resources.
Oselok - Oselok Vlad. wasteland, a place abandoned by its inhabitants; fallow, lie low. Oselok, Oblesye, Oselok or obselye, psk. hard newly populated place, settlement, new settlements, settlement.
Oselye - Oselye is akin to an outskirts, the land around the village.
Perekop - Ditch.
Tares - Weed
Pogost (Pog. or Pogost) - Has a church and a population consisting of clergy and clergy. The word graveyard comes from the word guest. The place where merchants traded was called a graveyard. With the adoption of Christianity, churches began to be built near graveyards. In the 15-16th centuries. churchyards begin to die off, hence the word graveyard has a second meaning - a lonely church.
Undercut (Under.) - A cleared place in the forest.
Disgrace - Review, watch.
Midnight - North.
Posad (P. or Pos.) - An order of huts or a row of houses. A settled settlement located outside a city or fortress.
Pochinok, village and farm (Poch.) - Same as settlement. Farmsteads, however, often have the significance of estates due to their agricultural nature. New settlements arising on the first raised site were called repairs. When the original courtyard was replaced by one or two others, it became a village.
Wasteland (Pust.) - A village turned into a wasteland if there were no residential courtyards left in it and the arable land was abandoned.
Selishche - A large village or settlement where there is more than one church.
Village (S.) - A village with a church, whose inhabitants are mainly peasants from different departments.
Seltso (Sel.) - A village of an exclusively proprietary nature with a manor house and various landlord establishments, or a village in which a landowner lives with peasants or several landowners. A village that was previously a village may also have the name.
Sloboda, Forshtat (Slob.) - A village with more than one church, a settlement outside a city or fortress.
Thorn - Prickly bush
Estate (Us.) - They are of two kinds. Estates of the ecclesiastical department are similar in character to graveyards by the nature of the population. Owner's estates differ either in their agricultural nature or as the location of landowners at a factory or plant
Shuitsa - Left hand.
Church land (CL) - A plot of land belonging to a church parish or monastery.
Information from the Lithuanian forum http://forum.violity.com Thank you, comrades!
Designations from old maps:
Interpretation of the signs used in the atlas of the Russian Empire of 1745:
Explanation of the signs used in the atlas of the Russian Empire 1820-27.
Explanations of the symbols used in the 1910 atlas.
Symbols used on the Special Map of the Western Part of the Russian Empire (Schubert Map).
Symbols used in the Detailed militar map along the Russian border with Prussia, 1799.
P.S. Found treasures
Our trimaran, loaded with heavy diving equipment, half a ton of cargo, is heading south to the village of Khatgal, Mongolia, where the ancient ships found their final refuge.
Over the course of a week, we found and examined four vessels in Lake Khubsugol.
Topographic signs and symbols of bushes and shrubs
How are elements of soil and vegetation cover, gardens, plantations, etc. designated?
Let's start with the swamps. According to the degree of cross-country ability they are divided into
Passable: swamps through which infantry can move in any direction in summer, both in open and closed formations.
Difficult to pass: swamps through which infantry can move with considerable difficulty and only in open formations.
Impassable: not even one person can pass
Conventional explanatory signs of age and forest species
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Conventional signs and cartographic symbols of swamps
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Conventional signs and cartographic designations of sands and steppes
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Conventional signs and cartographic designations of land, plantations, etc.
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Sometimes you can come across a combination of symbols. For example, a wet meadow and swamps where hay is made are indicated by the signs swamp and meadow.
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