History Already from the first years of its existence, Byzantium, trying to surpass Rome in terms of grace and luxury, began to be decorated with majestic buildings and all kinds of works of art, for the execution of which the best artists flocked to this city from everywhere. The art that arose here, as a result of religious, political and everyday conditions, took on a special structure, in which Eastern influences were mixed to a strong degree with Greco-Roman elements. Having reached its full flowering in the first half of the 6th century, under Justinian, Byzantine art experienced a rise until the beginning of the 13th century, and only after the occupation of Constantinople by the Latins began to decline. During this long period of time, it created many wonderful monuments, both in the capital and in the regions of the Eastern Empire, and had a significant influence on the development of art in Armenia, Russia, Italy itself and distant France; Byzantine echoes and motifs are heard in both Arabic and Turkish art. During the dark times of the Middle Ages, Byzantium preserved ancient legends and technical techniques, which later facilitated the first steps of the art of the Renaissance.
The Byzantines were the first to successfully solve the problem of moving the dome over the base of a square and generally quadrangular plan with the help of so-called sails. A similar construction system was used mainly in temples, which in the general plan represented a connection of five squares in the form of an equal-ended (so-called Greek) cross: above the middle square there was a dome, in the side squares there were niches opening into this middle space; the squares occupying the spaces between the ends of the cross represented subordinate parts, usually lower than the cross itself. Finally, a semicircular apse for the altar was added to the eastern side of the temple, and a vestibule (narthex) to the western side.
In general, the interior of the building was not distinguished by the richness and complexity of architectural details, but its walls were lined below with expensive varieties of marble, and at the top, just like the vaults, they were richly decorated with gilding, mosaic images on a golden background or fresco painting.
From the outside, the building consisted of two tiers of oblong windows with a rounded top, located corresponding to the two floors of the structure. These windows were sometimes grouped in pairs or threes, with the parts of each group separated from one another by a small column, and the group itself was framed by a false arch. In addition to the windows in the walls, windows in the dome, at its very base, or in the vestibule of the dome served to illuminate the building.
Cathedral of Hagia Sophia of the Wisdom of God, Hagia Sophia of Constantinople, Hagia Sophia (Greek γία Σοφία, in full: Ναός τ ς γίας το Θεο Σοφίας; Turkish Ayasofya) former patriarch the Supreme Orthodox Cathedral, later a mosque, now a museum; a world-famous monument of Byzantine architecture, a symbol of the “golden age” of Byzantium. The official name of the monument today is the Hagia Sophia Museum (Turkish: Ayasofya Müzesi). During the Byzantine Empire, the cathedral was located in the center of Constantinople next to the imperial palace. Currently located in the historical center of Istanbul, Sultanahmet district. After the city was captured by the Ottomans, the St. Sophia Cathedral was converted into a mosque, and in 1935 it acquired the status of a museum. In 1985, St. Sophia Cathedral, among other monuments of the historical center of Istanbul, was included in the UNESCO World Heritage Site. For more than a thousand years, St. Sophia's Cathedral in Constantinople remained the largest temple in the Christian world until the construction of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. The height of the St. Sophia Cathedral is 55.6 meters, the diameter of the dome is 31 meters.
The main builders of Hagia Sophia were Anthimius of Thrall and Isidore of Miletus. 20 years later, after the solemn consecration of St. In Sofia, the earthquake damaged the creation of Anthemius and Isidore, especially the dome; the building was supported with buttresses, from which it lost its former appearance, and the dome was folded again, and made more lofty. In this form, St. Sophia existed until the conquest of Constantinople by the Turks (in 1453), who turned it into their main mosque, covering the mosaic images on its walls with plaster, destroying the throne, the altar barrier and other accessories of the Christian cult, and disfiguring its appearance with various extensions. (In 1935, the layers of plaster that hid them were removed from the frescoes and mosaics. Thus, at present, on the walls of the temple you can see images of Jesus Christ and the Mother of God, and quotes from the Koran on four large oval-shaped shields.)
Free Agia Sophia Council In 2007, a number of influential American businessmen and politicians led a movement to return Hagia Sophia to its original status, the Free Agia Sophia Council. At a public hearing of the Congressional Human Rights Caucus held on June 20, 2007, chaired by the head of the US Congress Foreign Policy Committee Tom Lantos, New Hampshire Democratic Party President Raymond Buckley said, in particular : “It is unacceptable to deprive people of the right to pray in their Mother Church. It is unacceptable to tolerate the daily desecration of this sacred place, which is used for trade fairs and concerts. It is unacceptable to continue to allow such open disrespect for Orthodox Christianity and all Christianity.”
“Byzantine civilization” - Ancient heritage. Crafts were under the control of government services. Constantinople. Moscow is the true heir to the greatness of Constantinople. Byzantine civilization. The crisis of the Byzantine economy. State priority. The character of Emperor Justinian. Separatist tendencies. Byzantium fell in 1453
“Europe Byzantium” - Orthodoxy: only from the Father, the Mother of God was born with original sin, there is no purgatory. Individualism. The Church The Byzantine Church is headed by a patriarch, who is not subordinate to the Pope. Byzantium is the second Rome. MEDIEVAL EUROPE AND BYZANTIUM: 2 paths of historical development. European way. Relationships largely based on law and tradition.
“Development of Byzantine culture” - Harmony of art. A prominent place in the development of Europe. Byzantine artistic culture. Mary's eyes. Underground reservoir. A new worldview. Culture of Byzantium. History of Byzantium. Masterpieces of Byzantine architecture. Name of the reservoir. Emperor Alexander. Development of architecture. Inverted head of the Gorgon Medusa.
“The Art of Byzantium” - Catacombs - underground burial places of the first Christians. Christian art of late Rome I-IV centuries. Basilica of St. Central nave Catacombs of Priscilla. Byzantine art. Mausoleum of Galla Placidia. 5th century Ravenna. Art of Byzantium. Catacombs of Priscilla. "Good Shepherd" Cross-domed church. Temple of Hagia Sophia.
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This temple was simply called the Great Church. It was created in commissioned by Emperor Justinian. For the construction of the main cathedral of the Byzantine Empire, not professional architects were invited, but professors of mathematics and geometry, Anthemius of Thrall and Isidore of Miletus.
Saint Sophia
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