Throughout the year, a group of hunters with their families wandered from place to place, following the animals. They visited Terra Amata in late spring. Yellow broom blooms in late spring. Paleontologists discovered fossil pollen from these flowers, which they used to determine the time of year when the site was established. The women probably collected edible shells on the shore without leaving the site. This is the oldest fossilized human trace discovered so far. Man apparently slipped on this very spot some 350,000 years ago, leaving a deep imprint of his heel in the river mud. At Terra Amata, paleontologists discovered the remains of a wooden hut approximately nine meters long and five meters wide. They also found stone tools and fossilized animal bones. Primitive people built this hut from branches with two wooden poles supporting the roof. Near the hut there were rocks that protected it from the wind. People slept on skins around a fire that was constantly burning inside the hut. A flat stone was also discovered there, on which those who made stone tools sat (see article ““). The men went hunting in order to provide food for the entire tribe. They knew that elephants and rhinoceroses went to water at the river that flowed close to the site. They hunted elephants, rhinoceroses, deer and ferocious boars that lived in the surrounding forests. The site had to be located close to the source, since people did not yet have dishes in which to carry it. Nowadays, the sea level has dropped, and the parking lot is in the middle of the city, at a fair distance from the shore.
These people did not yet know how to make fire (read the article ““). Most likely, they carried hot coals from a previous fire with them and used them to light a fire at the new site. Near the fire there was a kind of “kitchen”, that is, a place where they prepared food. Primitive people were very careless and left all kinds of garbage and animal bones right in the hut. They covered the fire with pebbles to shield it from the wind, and the sand in this place became caked and blackened from the heat.
The Crimean peninsula is of interest not only to fans of mountain tourism and beach holidays - it is also the kingdom of archaeologists. For them, work in Taurida is endless. Local archaeological sites cover a chronologically vast period - from the dawn of mankind to the end of the Middle Ages. The sites of ancient people in Crimea are known as the oldest and richest in Russia. Today we will look at the main ones.
Yeni-Sala Caves: random finds
Stone Age sites are not, they do not have external spectacularity. The more difficult it is to find them. The Yeni-Sala caves on the slope were generally found by accident - in 1959 curious schoolchildren climbed there.
On the slope of the plateau there was a whole complex of caves with archaeological materials, but the most ancient finds were found in the one that became famous as No. 2. Traces of a fire, many animal bones (both whole and burnt), flint tools and waste from their production were found in it. Research activities have shown that the age of the artifacts is at least 50 thousand years. At that time, the territory of Crimea was inhabited by people like Neanderthals. It is believed that this species can only be attributed to the limited number of ancestors of modern humans.
The work was carried out in 1961. Scientists came to the conclusion that people did not live here permanently, but stopped periodically - during hunting nomads. This behavior is quite typical of the Neanderthal lifestyle.
Wolf Grotto: Neighbors of Wolves
This site was found much earlier - either in 1879 or 1880 (there is no exact information). The honor of the first study belongs to K.S. Merezhkovsky. While his namesake brother (Dmitry Sergeevich) promoted the Christian worldview in literary form, the 24-year-old history student turned out to be a real materialist. In the cave, he discovered numerous objects made of flint, as well as the results of production operations with this stone (small flakes and cores - blanks, from which plates were broken off for the further production of tools).
According to Merezhkovsky’s publications, the venerable specialist of that time in primitive history, G. Martelier (France), dated the site to 100 thousand years BC. Modern historians have somewhat reduced this period, but still: it represents the dwelling of people of the Middle Stone Age, Neanderthals definitely lived there. Researchers believe that it was a temporary hunting camp and a flint processing workshop. In addition to things made of stone, they found the remains of fires and many bone remains of various animals.
Sites of ancient people in the Suren grottoes
K.S. Merezhkovsky also had a hand in examining the settlement of contemporaries who hunted mammoths (conditions were not ideal for these elephants). He studied the Syuren canopy caves almost simultaneously with the previous cavity on the list. Later, in 1934, large-scale research was carried out here by the expedition of G.A. Bonch-Osmolovsky.
The age of the monument is much younger than Volchiy - it dates back to the late Paleolithic, approximately 25-15 thousand years ago. In central Ukraine, people of this period (they are already close to the modern type) are usually called mammoth hunters. The residents of Syurenski were also hunters, but of different game - scientists identified from the bones 40 species of birds, 37 different types of mammals (herbivores and predators) and 4 varieties of fish. The thickness of the cultural layer made it possible to believe that the ancient St. John's worts lived in spacious, conveniently located caves more or less constantly.
The site is one of the well-researched sites; many archaeologists have worked there. As a result, it became known that in each of the cave cavities the cultural layer is multi-layered - representatives of several ancient cultures lived here. As of 1994, 15 sites from the period of the final part of the Paleolithic (40-10 thousand years ago) have been discovered here. There were also materials from the Middle Stone Age - Mesolithic (including characteristic miniature flint flakes and arrowheads).
Chokurcha - a site that almost died
Due to their external “unpresentability”, some sites of primitive man in the Crimea were almost lost to science. This is the fate of the Chokurcha cave, located within the city limits. In 1927, the remains of an ancient settlement were discovered in it, N.L. Ernst began conducting research manipulations, but was arrested and the case was forgotten. In 1947, it was given the status of a protected monument, but in fact no one looked after it.
At the same time, Chokurcha is unique in that the people who lived there about 45 thousand years ago led a virtually sedentary lifestyle, which is not typical for primitive hunters. Here they found a thick fire layer, flint products, and the bone mass of animals. On the vault, under the soot, it was possible to clear the carved images of a mammoth, sun and fish.
Now the waste dump and the “bomzhatnik” have been cleared of debris, and the security fence has been restored. But most of what was discovered from the excavations disappeared during the war, and the images on the vault were badly damaged. Enthusiasts propose turning it into an excursion site. But the trouble with Paleolithic archeology is that the oldest sites look of little interest to the average person.
Kiik-Koba – a legend of Crimean archeology
Some of the oldest sites of primitive people in Crimea have long been included in all archeology textbooks. Such is Kiik-Koba, a cave in the upper reaches of the Zuya River, discovered in 1942 by G.A. Bonch-Osmolovsky.
Its age is about 100,000 years. In addition to the usual ashes, animal bones and flint tools for Neanderthal sites, the burial of a woman and a small (not older than a year) child was discovered there. But this was precisely a ritual funeral, for mother and baby were carefully laid on their sides in the same crouched poses. – one of the oldest Neanderthal burial sites in the world.
The walls of this one are decorated with unique drawings - images of hunting scenes, as well as ancient animals. They are of a later date, but are still of great value and rarity. They can still be seen today.
Man appeared in the Northwestern Caucasus more than 700 thousand years ago. 
Human groups, moving from the south, through Transcaucasia, gradually populated the southern and northern slopes of the Caucasus Mountains, the foothills and plains of Transkuban - present-day Adygea and adjacent territories.
In the history of the development of human society, this is the primitive communal system, the Paleolithic era, which is divided into early (or lower) and late (or upper).
During the Early Paleolithic period, the active settlement of the North-Western Caucasus by primitive man took place.
This is evidenced by numerous sites and locations of Paleolithic tools both in the Trans-Kuban region and on the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar Territory.
We decided to see some of these sites.
The road to them is picturesque, surrounded by mountains, with Burenki slowly strolling and chewing grass.
In addition to the brazen cows walking right along the highway, our attention was drawn to some seemingly abandoned factory or something like that.
In the early period of its existence, primitive man did not build permanent dwellings, but tried to use natural shelters: caves, grottoes, rock overhangs.
In the Maykop region, two caves are known where archaeological excavations were carried out, as a result of which sites of primitive man were identified.
One of the caves is Dakhovskaya, located high above the river at the confluence of the Dakh River and Belaya.
The cave belongs to the corridor type and was not convenient for settlement. Only the small entrance part of the cave was suitable for habitation.
People of the early metal era - the Maykop culture - lived in it, and it was also used for housing by Adyghe tribes in the Middle Ages.
When inhabiting caves, primitive man inhabited only the entrance part and used the areas in front of the entrance.
In bad weather, a barrier of branches was erected in front of the entrance to the cave, and fires were lit inside the dwelling.
The locations of the earliest period of the Lower Paleolithic era, the so-called Echeulean culture, are known on the river. Piano near Maykop, in the vicinity of the village of Abadzekhskaya on the Sredny Khadzhokh River, near the city of Abinsk on the river. Adagume and other places.
The largest is the Abadzekh site.
It contains a unique collection of stone tools - about 2000 pieces.
During excavations of Paleolithic sites, a large number of stone products and animal bones are found - hunting objects of primitive man.
Hunting and gathering were the main sources of subsistence for ancient people. The food was what nature provided, but to “obtain” it was necessary to expend a lot of labor.
In those places where there were no caves and grottoes, ancient man settled along the banks of rivers, of which there are a huge number in the Krasnodar Territory and the Republic of Adygea.
Visiting ancient sites and caves is a very interesting activity, during which you can see and learn a lot of new and interesting things.
It is a pity that many of the most interesting places are in great disrepair. There are so many unique, beautiful places in Russia, but tourism is poorly developed, and in many cases, only locals know the way to such places, who, for a certain metric fee, agree to show how to get there, or if the place is completely remote, to lead them to it themselves . Unlike most developed countries, which value all monuments, both natural and cultural, located on their territory, Russia is an exception.
It’s a pity that many of the most beautiful and unique places in our country have such an indifferent attitude.
This is the most famous site of primitive people in Sochi. They lived here from the Lower Paleolithic to the Bronze Age. The cave is located in the Akhshtyr Gorge at an altitude of 120 m above water level. It is the result of thousands of years of work on the Mzymta River. In prehistoric times it flowed at the level of the treetops. Gradually the water eroded and deepened the valley. A cave has formed on the right bank. The gorge became deeper and deeper. 70 thousand years ago the cave was above the water level. And it was inhabited by people.
In the vicinity of the French village of Saint-Acheul, tools made by people who lived 400-350 years ago were found for the first time. Therefore, this period of history was called the Acheulian era. Or the early (lower) Paleolithic (from the Greek paleos - ancient, lithos - stone). People living in the vicinity of Sochi at this time led a semi-nomadic lifestyle. They lived in one place for no more than two seasons. The men hunted, often going on long hikes. They made tools and weapons. We caught fish. Women guarded homes, maintained fires, took care of children and the elderly, prepared fuel and collected plant foods. Ancient hunters made weapons from wood. Stone tools were used to process animal skins and collected plants. They hunted mainly cave bears. Since the animal was large and strong, and the weapons were very primitive, they gathered in groups. They made trapping pits. But most often they lay in wait on paths and pastures. “They went at the bear” with clubs and spears, throwing darts.
Fossil people of the Lower Paleolithic were not similar to modern humans. They are called Neanderthals, or paleoanthropes. The mental activity of these “semi-humans” was very primitive, although they began to form human speech and words and sentences had already begun to appear.
The Akhshtyrskaya cave was discovered by the French scientist E. Martel at the beginning of the 20th century. Then Russian scientists began studying it. It turned out that the thickness of the cultural layer in it reaches five meters. By studying this layer of deposits of clay, rubble, animal bones and flint tools, scientists learned a lot of interesting things about the life of our ancestors and the world around them.
Neanderthals were the first to settle here. They ate mainly cave bear meat. Of the bones found in the layer corresponding to this period, 92% belong to the “ancient bear”. The diet of primitive people also included bison, wolves, goats, foxes and other animals, but in much smaller quantities.
Scientists have found that a coniferous forest grew around the cave at that time. The kind that now grows at an altitude of 1200–1800 m above sea level. In the future it was replaced by deciduous.
The cave bear was a slow and peaceful animal. But huge - it weighed about 900 kg (a modern brown bear weighs 120–150 kg). He ate plant foods. He grazed in the meadows and attacked animals, only when he was very hungry. The cave was everything to the bear. He was born and lived in it. I also climbed here for winter hibernation. He bred his offspring here and died here. Traces of his presence, “bear polishings” - the projections of the walls, smoothed by bears to a mirror shine, have survived to this day.
Life in caves was fraught with many dangers. It was easy to fall into a hole or well. The dampness caused the animals to catch colds and suffer from rheumatism. Scientists find many bear bones disfigured by disease. It was especially difficult for bears at the end of the last ice age. Dry cold gave way to damp warming. The snow melted quickly, and the caves were flooded with water.
Zoologist N.K. Vereshchagin wrote: “If there were no cave bear, there would be no European humanity. The latter was literally fed and raised on the meat, fat and skin of this gentle giant.”
Geologists, having examined the cave, discovered that the higher the layer of earth, the more rubble it contains. This indicates a cooling of the climate. In severe frosts, the stone vaults cracked and pieces of silicon broke off from them. Due to glaciation during the Middle Paleolithic era, the cave was uninhabited for about 20 thousand years. Apparently, she had become unfit for life.
People returned to the cave approximately 30–35 thousand years ago, during the Early Bronze Age. These were Cro-Magnons, whose level of development was higher than that of Neanderthals. And they looked more like Homo sapiens.
The new “new settlers” are improving their homes. Cover the floor with a layer of burnt red earth. Traces of fires are clearly visible on it. Stone structures are erected in order to protect themselves from the cold air coming from the depths of the cave. Making pottery.
In the cave they found a molar tooth and part of a human foot, already belonging to the modern type. But the most interesting find is a child’s burial from the Bronze Age. The position of the skeleton and its orientation indicate that the child was buried according to a certain ritual.
There is evidence that caves in prehistoric times served as sanctuaries, where sacrifices were made, rituals were performed, and the dead were buried. This tradition continued at a later time. For example, from time immemorial, the mountaineers had the Latsu-Nykha sanctuary (a place of prayer for the Lats clan) on the mountain ridge above the Akhshtyrskaya cave.
Some are sure that the Akhshtyrskaya cave served as the prototype for the cave of the one-eyed cyclops Polyphemus on the island of the Cyclops. Odysseus and his companions end up in the home of Polyphemus. He discovers the uninvited guests and takes them prisoner. Odysseus waits for the giant to fall asleep and gouges out his only eye. The prisoners leave the cave, hiding among a herd of sheep.
Indeed, the mountaineers have a legend reminiscent of this famous ancient Greek myth. It says that in ancient times, a powerful tribe of cannibal giants, Adau, lived in the surrounding forests. Each of them had one eye in their forehead. They terrified the inhabitants of the surrounding villages until the Nart heroes appeared and defeated them.
Exploration of the cave continues. And who knows, maybe further research will confirm that the legendary story of Odysseus and the Cyclops Polyphemus took shape right here, in the Akhshtyrskaya cave.
Your own guide
How to get to Akhtyrskaya Cave? From Adler we drive along the Krasnopolyanskoe highway 15 km. Before reaching the trout farm, at the fork we turn left following the sign “Akhshtyrskaya Cave”. We pass the village of Kazachiy Brod. After 4 km, to the left of the road we will see a parking lot where you can leave your car. Next, follow the sign on foot.
If you prefer public transport, then you need to take a bus from Adler to the village of Kazachiy Brod. Get out near the first tunnel and go down to the river. A little before reaching the bridge over the Mzymta, we turn left. And we climb for about twenty minutes along the path.
Along the ledge of a 120-meter cliff, a narrow path leads to the first observation deck. It offers a breathtaking view of the Akhshtyrskoye Gorge, the Mzymta River and the Korabelnye Rocks. Next we go down through a narrow corridor to the second platform, just before the entrance to the cave. There is a fee to visit the cave.
Malaya Vorontsovskaya Cave
The cave is located in the upper reaches of the Eastern Khosta River in a cliff on the right bank at an altitude of 50 m above the water level. Consists of three halls and six galleries. People lived in it during the Middle and Upper Paleolithic era. Archaeologists have found many traces of their life activity, tools made of flint, sandstone, slate, limestone, and very rare ones - from the fang of a cave bear, utility pits for storing food.
The inhabitants of Malaya Vorontsovskaya Cave had a large selection of meat dishes. In the cave they found the bones of a wolf, marten, aurochs, roe deer, red deer, mountain goat, wild boar, and vole. Although the main object of hunting was still the cave bear. He owns 98% of the bones found. Ancient people also engaged in fishing. This is evidenced by the found salmon bones.
In the cave, scientists discovered the remains of several hearths at different distances from the entrance. Most likely, a large community of several dozen people lived here.
A hundred thousand years ago a mixed forest grew around. Fir, spruce, pine, linden, oak. In the “cold years” only coniferous trees remained. Warming came, and fir and pine were supplemented by beech, hornbeam, oak, and elm.
Glaciation began in the Middle Paleolithic 115 thousand years ago. It reached a maximum 18–20 thousand years ago and ended 10 thousand years ago. Arctic ice covered the north of the Russian Plain and Siberia. The ice height at the site of Moscow, New York, Oslo and Murmansk was 1.5 km. Over Canada and Stockholm it is even thicker. In some places it reached 4 km.
The causes of cooling and warming on our planet have not yet been identified. Some are sure that they are cosmic. The radiation from the Sun and the nature of the movement of our Galaxy in space are changing. Others blame the Earth for everything - the movement of its crust and so on.
The ice cover did not reach the Caucasus. But the climate has changed here too. As a result, many evergreen plants and those animal species that are characteristic of the tropics and subtropics became extinct.
Great Vorontsov Cave
Scientists believe that in the Bronze Age, the Great Vorontsov Cave was a transit point and refuge for traders traveling from the coast to the mountain passes to the North Caucasus. This is confirmed by archaeological finds - shells of sea mollusks, imported ceramics, bracelets made in the North Caucasus.
Vorontsov Cave
20 km from the sea in the upper reaches of the Kudepsta River there is a giant Vorontsov Cave. It is named in honor of Illarion Ivanovich Vorontsov-Dashkov, the Tsar's viceroy in the Caucasus (1905–1915). These places were his hunting grounds. The nearby villages of Vorontsovka and Illarionovka were also named after the count.
The entrance to the cave looks like a large shell. If you go left in the depths, you will come to a huge hall thirty meters wide. To the right - into the grotto, intricately decorated with lime icicles. Large and small corridors extend from it in different directions, each of which leads to a new grotto. In one of them, bell-shaped limestones hang from the ceiling. If you hit them with a stick, the grotto will be filled with a muffled sound. Each “bell” sounds differently.
The cave has countless branches, dead ends, halls and grottoes. A new grotto means a new impression. There seems to be no end to the numerous labyrinths. There are many underground streams and small but deep lakes in the cave.
During the Civil War, Red partisans took refuge in these underground labyrinths.
Since 1957, archaeological excavations began in the Vorontsov caves. In the Hearth Grotto, prehistoric “barbecues” were found - massive high clay rings-stands on which primitive people cooked food. And, of course, many stone and bone tools, ceramics, and even a golden temple scroll. In the Laid Grotto, the ancient inhabitants built a wall from large fragments of limestone, which completely blocks the entrance to the ceiling and protects from cold air.
Many still unsolved mysteries were left to us by the people who lived in the Vorontsov Cave from the Middle Paleolithic era to the Bronze Age. It is a unique geological and archaeological monument of national importance.
Your own guide: how to get to Vorontsov Cave
From Khosta from st. Glazunov there is a highway to the cave (about 20 km). It leads to the village of Kalinovoe Lake and further across the bridge to the village of Vorontsovka. Behind it, near the monument to fallen pilots, there is a parking lot. The last 1.5 km to the cave will have to be driven along a narrow gravel road.
If you prefer public transport, you need to take a bus from the Khosta railway station to the village of Vorontsovka. Next - about 3 km on foot. There is a fee to visit the cave.
Navalishenskaya cave
The cave is located on the right bank of the Kudepsta River canyon at an altitude of about 100 m from the water level. It was opened in 1936. M.Z. Panichkina. Since that time, scientists have periodically worked there.
In front of the main entrance to the cave there is a small platform, behind which there is a cliff. Behind it is a narrow and very deep gorge. The cave consists of a corridor and several halls. During excavations, archaeologists found many flint tools and bones of a cave bear, wolf, goat and other animals. Researchers believe that the cave was not a permanent home, but a temporary camp for bear hunters who lived during the Middle and Upper Paleolithic period.
In the Navalishensky Gorge there are the 1st and 2nd Khostinsky caves. In the 1st Khostinskaya cave there was a site of primitive man. In the 2nd - during the Great Patriotic War, the most valuable exhibits of the Sochi Local History Museum were kept. That’s why the cave is also called the Museum Cave.
4 Sungir 4 Sungir is a Paleolithic site of an ancient man on the territory of the Vladimir region at the confluence of the stream of the same name into the Klyazma River, near Bogolyubovo. Discovered in 1955 during the construction of a plant and studied by O. N. Bader. Estimated age is 25 thousand years.
Burials. 4 Sungir became famous for its burials: a one-year-old man (the so-called Sungir-1) and teenagers: a boy of about 2 years old (Sungir-2) and a girl of 9-10 years old (Sungir-3), lying with their heads facing each other. The teenagers' clothes were trimmed with mammoth bone beads (up to 10 thousand pieces), which made it possible to reconstruct their clothes (which turned out to be similar to the costume of modern northern peoples); In addition, the graves contained bracelets and other jewelry made of mammoth bone. Darts and spears made from mammoth bone were placed in the grave, including a spear 2.4 m long. The burials were sprinkled with ocher.
Economy The main occupation of the Sungir people was hunting mammoths, reindeer, bison, horses, wolves and wolverines. During the entire period of excavations and research of the site, a rich collection of archaeological finds was collected, numbering about 68 thousand items. A significant part of the collection consists of flint flakes, chippers, anvils and cores necessary for the manufacture of tools, as well as various tools (knives, scrapers, scrapers, burins, piercings, chisel tools). Flint dart tips (triangular with a slightly concave base and almond-shaped), covered on both sides with the finest retouch, are distinguished by particular care in processing and perfection of form. The Sungir site is distinguished by a large number of products made from bone, horn and mammoth tusk (hoes, points, shaft straighteners, “rods”, weapons, jewelry, animal figurines), as well as high technology for their processing.
Here in the 19th century in the village of Kostenki near Voronezh, on an area of about 10 sq. km, at different times more than 26 sites of primitive Stone Age man were discovered and explored, some of which are multi-layered. People of the modern type lived here, in the middle reaches of the Don on territory of present-day Russia, at least years before they appeared in Central and Western Europe. This is supported by new artifacts discovered in recent years. for example, human burials "aged" from up to years, cultural objects
The bones of the Dwelling were round or oval in plan, often conical in shape and covered with skins. The base of the dwelling was secured with mammoth skulls and heavy bones, the ends of which were buried in the ground. On the roof, the skins were pressed against the antlers of a deer and the fangs of a mammoth. At the end of the Ice Age, twigs and logs began to be used instead of mammoth bones. Inside the dwelling there was one or several hearths located in the center or along the axis. Tools and clothing, food were communal property; all relatives had equal rights. Dwellings of Paleolithic man (reconstructions): 1, 2 – Kostenki, 3 European sites Samples of dwellings in the Upper Paleolithic from excavations of sites on the territory of our country
Bones. Voronezh region. The appearance of Paleolithic man on the Russian Plain was dominated by Caucasoid features. However, it is worth noting that the remains from the burial at the Kostenki 14 site are characterized by individual features of the Negroid type, and the children from Sungir showed signs of Mongoloidity. This may indicate that the formation of races was not yet completed. The characteristics that later became characteristic of different races were generally inherent in the emerging single type of modern man. Only with adaptation to the surrounding natural and climatic environment did people experience a final division into races. The appearance of Paleolithic man on the Russian Plain was dominated by Caucasoid features. However, it is worth noting that the remains from the burial at the Kostenki 14 site are characterized by individual features of the Negroid type, and the children from Sungir showed signs of Mongoloidity. This may indicate that the formation of races was not yet completed. The characteristics that later became characteristic of different races were generally inherent in the emerging single type of modern man. Only with adaptation to the surrounding natural and climatic environment did people experience a final division into races. In the photo - reconstruction of the aborigines
Venuses from Kostenki are more than 20 thousand years old. Paleolithic landscape in the Kostenki region. Almost all burials of the Upper Paleolithic era known in Russia were found in Kostenki. The discoveries made by archaeologists made it possible to restore the appearance of the first people and learn about their way of life and way of life. This was the period of the last and most severe Valdai Ice Age in the history of the earth. Following the retreating glacier, deer, Arctic foxes, musk oxen and, of course, mammoths, accustomed to the cold, went north. It was they who attracted the Stone Age pioneers here. By this time, people had already mastered the techniques of hunting large herd animals. In the photo - the ruins of a dwelling made of mammoth bones.
Kapova Cave Kapova Cave is located in Bashkiria in the Southern Urals and is a Paleolithic site of the same period as Sungir. The cave is difficult to access and well preserved. It has many halls and floors. 300 m from the entrance, a lot of drawings of animals from the Paleolithic period were found - mammoths, woolly rhinoceroses, horses, etc. People lived in the cave thousands of years ago. Tools, 4 beads, a knife, pendants, and part of a clay lamp-lamp were discovered - a rare find for the Paleolithic. The cave is located on the Belaya River in the Shulgantash Nature Reserve in Bashkiria.
Lyalovo archaeological culture of the Neolithic era Settlement 4-3 thousand BC. in the region of the village of Lyalovo near Zelenograd, the oldest among the Neolithic cultures of Europe. Currently, in the Moscow region, a huge number of settlements are known that belong to the Lyalovo archaeological culture, covering the territory between the Oka and Volga rivers... 4 The remains of round and oval-shaped buildings, with floors sunk into the ground and the remains of fireplaces or hearths inside, have been studied. There are dwellings measuring 140 sq.m., and in the Ivanovo region. - a dwelling with a volume of 200 sq.m. The Lyala culture is part of the cultural and historical community of the Forest Neolithic of Eastern Europe. Its main feature is the presence of clay round-bottomed and sharp-bottomed vessels, decorated over the entire surface with an ornament in the form of pits and impressions of comb or jagged stamps.
Trypillian culture is an archaeological culture named after the discovery site near the village of Tripolye near Kyiv. It was widespread in the Chalcolithic era in the territory of Ukraine to the west of the Dnieper and in Moldova, as well as in eastern Romania, where it is called the Cucuteni culture (Cucuteni). Time of existence: second half of VI - 2650 BC. e. Occupations of residents: agriculture, cattle breeding, hunting, fishing. The dwellings were first dugouts and small above-ground adobe “platforms.” Later, two-story houses. Tools were made of flint, stone, horn and bone; There are a few copper products (awls, fishhooks, jewelry).
Village of Fatyanovo 4 Fatyanovo culture - 4 archaeological culture of the Bronze Age (2nd millennium BC) in the Upper Volga region and the Volga-Oka interfluve. It was named after the village of Fatyanovo, near Yaroslavl, where ground graves with stone and copper tools and weapons, ceramics, jewelry, etc. were excavated. The population was engaged in cattle breeding and partly in agriculture.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL MONUMENTS OF THE MOSCOW REGION Fatyanovo culture is an archaeological culture of the Bronze Age (2nd millennium BC). Named after the first discovered burial ground near the village of Fatyanovo, near Yaroslavl. On the territory of modern Moscow, burial grounds of the Fatyanovo culture were discovered near the former villages of Spas-Tushino and Davydkovo; individual stone tools and weapons were found in Krylatskoye, Zyuzin, Chertanovo, etc. A number of burial grounds were excavated and studied. In the 2nd millennium BC. In the Upper Volga region and the Volga-Oka interfluve, the so-called Fatyanovo archaeological culture, dating back to the Bronze Age and represented only by burial grounds and individual random finds, was widespread. The inhabitants of the Fatyanovo settlement were people of the “Mediterranean” type with a high, steep forehead, a massive, beautiful skull, a thin nose, often with a small hump, and a wide chin.
In the West, relatives of the Fatyanovo people, united by the mega-culture of “battle axes” (according to the most common characteristic characteristic of all these cultures), are known in Sweden, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Poland, Denmark and the Baltic states. The dead were buried in a crouched position with weapons (stone and copper axes, spears, arrows), tools made of stone, bone, less often copper (wedge-shaped axes, knives, chisels, awls, pins, hoes, etc.), jewelry (necklaces made of teeth, bones, shells, amber), pottery (spherical vessels with carved ornaments, solar, that is, depicting the sun, signs on the bottoms). There are bones of domestic and wild animals. The main occupations of the tribes of the Fatyanovo culture are cattle breeding and hunting; agriculture took shape; bronze metallurgy was known. The social system is patriarchal and tribal. Beliefs are characterized by cults of the sun, ancestors, and bear. The Fatyanovo culture was part of a large cultural and historical community of the so-called culture of battle axes and corded ceramics, the creators of which were ancient Indo-European tribes. The Fatyanovo residents were cattle breeders - a burial of men with dogs and vessels for churning butter was found. Sheep and goats were placed in the grave. They knew how to smelt metal and make iron axes. battle ax of the Fatyanovo culture made of diorite
4 Archaeological culture of the Iron Age, which existed in VII BC. e. VII centuries on the territory of the Moscow, Tver, Vologda, Vladimir, Yaroslavl and Smolensk regions. The carriers of the Dyakovo culture are usually considered the ancestors of the Meri, Murom, and Vesi tribes. According to one version (there are others), the Dyakovites came from beyond the Urals and replaced the Fatyanovo culture. The Dyakovites were replaced by the Slavic tribes of the Krivichi and Vyatichi, who possibly assimilated the Dyakovites. 4 The Dyakovo culture is characterized by molded ceramics, Scythian jewelry, and clay weights of unknown purpose. At the beginning of development, the tools were bronze, then they were replaced by iron, and non-ferrous metals were used for decoration. But in general there was little metal, apparently it was highly valued, but tools made of bone were widely used. The Dyakovites lived in small fortified settlements, which were usually built on the cape; Apparently, such a settlement existed on the site of the Moscow Kremlin. 4 SPIRITUAL CULTURE The Dyakovites buried their dead in the so-called. “houses of death” (a prototype of Baba Yaga’s huts on chicken legs). One of them was discovered near Rybinsk (Yaroslavl region), the other near Zvenigorod (Moscow region).
1 - neck hryvnia; 2 - buckle with champlevé enamel; 3 - arrowhead; 4 - copper pendant; 5 - copper bell; 6 - clay weight; 7 - horse figurine made of bone. The basis of the economy of the tribes of the Dyakovo culture is settled cattle breeding (horses, cattle, pigs); The role of hunting is significant. Agriculture, which was at first a subsidiary occupation, has been around since the first centuries AD. becomes more important. View of Dyakovo from an airplane in the Kolomenskoye area in Moscow
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